ECDSA + ML-DSA on Blockchain
Journal article in ULTIMATICS (SINTA 3) and the proof of concept behind it: a hybrid ECDSA and ML-DSA signature scheme for transaction authentication on an Ethereum-compatible blockchain, with post-quantum signing handled off-chain by an oracle.
- Publication
- Dec 2025 – Jun 2026
- Solidity · Golang · React · Foundry · Viem · MetaMask
Peer-reviewed journal article published in ULTIMATICS: Jurnal Teknik Informatika (SINTA 3), June 2026, documenting the proof of concept built alongside it.
Implementation of ECDSA and ML-DSA Digital Signature Schemes for Transaction Authentication on Blockchain
How the hybrid works
An Ethereum-compatible chain authenticates every transaction with two signatures of different kinds, and the expensive one never reaches the chain:
- ML-DSA signing and verification happen through an off-chain oracle.
- The smart contract verifies the ECDSA signature and stores the ML-DSA hash.
Built with React, Viem, Foundry, Solidity, Golang, MetaMask as a proof of concept, December 2025 - June 2026.
Measured on Foundry Anvil
| ML-DSA | ECDSA | |
|---|---|---|
| Signature size | 2,531 - 4,738 bytes | 65 bytes |
| Round-trip time | 0.355 - 0.523 ms | — |
| Gas | 64,260 - 99,344 | 25,828 |
Post-quantum signatures cost roughly 2.5x to 3.8x the gas of a conventional ECDSA signature, and still round-trip in under a millisecond. That ratio is the thing the oracle design exists to absorb.